What are the National Parks?
IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges.
In 1969 the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) declared a national park to be a relatively large area with particular defining characteristics.
A national park was deemed to be a place where:
- one or several ecosystems are not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of special scientific, educative and recreative interest or which contain a natural landscape of great beauty.
- the highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate as soon as possible exploitation or occupation in the whole area and to enforce effectively the respect of ecological, geomorphological or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment.
- visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural and recreation purposes.
In 1971 these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. These include:
- a minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones in which protection of nature takes precedence
- statutory legal protection
- a budget and staff sufficient to provide sufficient effective protection
- prohibition of exploitation of natural resources (including the development of dams) qualified by such activities as sport, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.
Watch a preview of The National Parks: America’s Best Idea
Filmmaker Ken Burns and his longtime colleague Dayton Duncan take us on a behind the scenes tour of their new PBS series, The National Parks: America’s Best Idea. The team explains why they chose the parks as their subject, as well as describing their five-year journey through research, scripting, filming and editing the series. Their story is illustrated by rare footage of the film crew at work shooting in the parks, as well as excerpts from the finished film.
PBS Previews: The National ParksFilmed over the course of more than six years at some of nature’s most spectacular locales — from Acadia to Yosemite, Yellowstone to the Grand Canyon, the Everglades of Florida to the Gates of the Arctic in Alaska — The National Parks: America’s Best Idea is nonetheless a story of people: people from every conceivable background — rich and poor; famous and unknown; soldiers and scientists; natives and newcomers; idealists, artists and entrepreneurs; people who were willing to devote themselves to saving some precious portion of the land they loved, and in doing so reminded their fellow citizens of the full meaning of democracy. It is a story full of struggle and conflict, high ideals and crass opportunism, stirring adventure and enduring inspiration – set against the most breathtaking backdrops imaginable. |
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National Parks History
In 1810, the English poet William Wordsworth described the Lake District as a "sort of national property in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy". The painter George Catlin, in his travels through the American West, wrote in 1832 that the Native Americans in the United States might be preserved "by some great protecting policy of government . . . in a magnificent park . . . A nation’s park, containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their nature’s beauty!" Similar ideas were expressed in other countries—in Sweden, for instance, the Finnish-born Baron Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld made such a proposition in 1880.
The Scottish-American naturalist John Muir was inspirational in the foundation of national parks, anticipating many ideas of conservationism, environmentalism, and the animal rights movement.
The first effort by any government to set aside such protected lands was in the United States, on April 20, 1832, when President Andrew Jackson signed legislation to set aside four sections of land around what is now Hot Springs, Arkansas to protect the natural, thermal springs and adjoining mountainsides for the future disposal of the US government. It was known as the Hot Springs Reservation. However no legal authority was established and federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877.
The next effort by any government to set aside such protected lands was, again, in the United States, when President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on June 30, 1864, ceding the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias (later becoming the Yosemite National Park) to the state of :
| “ | The said State shall accept this grant upon the express conditions that the premises shall be held for public use, resort, and recreation; shall be inalienable for all time. | ” |
In 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established as arguably the world’s first truly national park. When news of the natural wonders of the Yellowstone were first promulgated, the land was part of a federally governed territory. Unlike Yosemite, there was no state government that could assume stewardship of the land, so the federal government took on direct responsibility for the park, a process formally completed in October 1, 1890—the official first National park of the United States. It took the combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and especially businesses—namely, the Northern Pacific Railroad, whose route through Montana would greatly benefit by the creation of this new tourist attraction—to ensure the passage of that landmark enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. Theodore Roosevelt, already an active campaigner and so influential as good stump speakers were highly necessary in the pre-telecommunications era, was highly influential in convincing fellow Republicans and big business to back the bill.
Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California, USA.
The "dean of western writers", American Pulitzer prize-winning author Wallace Stegner, has written that national parks are ‘America’s best idea,’—a departure from the royal preserves that Old World sovereigns enjoyed for themselves—inherently democratic, open to all, "they reflect us at our best, not our worst." Even with the creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, another 44 years passed before an agency was created in the United States to administer these units in a comprehensive way — the U.S.National Park Service (NPS). Businessman Stephen Mather and his journalist partner Robert Sterling Yard pushed hardest for the creation of the NPS, writing then-Secretary of the Interior Franklin Knight Lane about such a need and spearheading a large publicity campaign for their movement. Lane invited Mather to come to Washington, DC to work with him to draft and see passage of the NPS Organic Act, which was approved by Congress and signed into law on August 25, 1916. Of the 391 sites managed by the National Park Service of the United States, only 58 carry the designation of National Park.
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ7rFA4TQmA]
Following the idea established in Yellowstone there soon followed parks in other nations. In Australia, the Royal National Park was established just south of Sydney in 1879. Rocky Mountain National Park became Canada’s first national park in 1885. New Zealand had its first national park in 1887.
In Europe the first national parks were a set of nine parks in in 1909; Europe has some 370 national parks as of this writing. In 1926, the government of South Africa designated Kruger National Park as the nation’s first national park. After, national parks were founded all over the world. The Vanoise National Park in the Alps was the first French national park, created in 1963 after public mobilization against a touristic project.
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBb9DoziY7M]
List of United States National Parks by State
This is a list of United States National Parks by state. Some states lack a national park; others have many. Two territories have national parks, and are included on this list. Some parks encompass land in more than one state and are listed more than once. Parks vary greatly in size, but the largest are generally in the West and Alaska, where large blocks of undeveloped and government-owned land existed.
| State | National Parks | Year Created | Area (mi²) | Area (km²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaska | Denali | 1917 | 9,492 | 24,585 |
| Alaska | Gates of the Arctic | 1980 | 13,238 | 39,460 |
| Alaska | Glacier Bay | 1980 | 5,130 | 13,287 |
| Alaska | Katmai | 1980 | 5,288 | 13,696 |
| Alaska | Kenai Fjords | 1980 | 1,094 | 2,833 |
| Alaska | Kobuk Valley | 1980 | 2,609 | 6,757 |
| Alaska | Lake Clark | 1980 | 6,297 | 16,308 |
| Alaska | Wrangell – St Elias | 1980 | 20,587 | 53,321 |
| American Samoa | American Samoa | 1988 | 14 | 36 |
| Arizona | Grand Canyon | 1919 | 1,902 | 4,927 |
| Arizona | Petrified Forest | 1962 | 341 | 885 |
| Arizona | Saguaro | 1994 | 143 | 370 |
| Arkansas | Hot Springs | 1921 | 9 | 22 |
| California | Channel Islands | 1980 | 390 | 1010 |
| California | Death Valley | 1994 | 5,219 | 13,518 |
| California | Joshua Tree | 1994 | 1,234 | 3,196 |
| California | Kings Canyon | 1940 | 722 | 1,869 |
| California | Lassen Volcanic | 1916 | 166 | 429 |
| California | Redwood | 1968 | 176 | 455 |
| California | Sequoia | 1890 | 631 | 1,635 |
| California | Yosemite | 1890 | 1,189 | 3,081 |
| Colorado | Black Canyon of the Gunnison | 1999 | 51 | 133 |
| Colorado | Great Sand Dunes | 2004 | 133 | 343 |
| Colorado | Mesa Verde | 1906 | 81 | 211 |
| Colorado | Rocky Mountain | 1915 | 415 | 1,078 |
| Florida | Biscayne | 1980 | 207 | 700 |
| Florida | Dry Tortugas | 1992 | 101 | 262 |
| Florida | Everglades | 1947 | 2,357 | 6,105 |
| Hawaii | Haleakala | 1916 | 46 | 118 |
| Hawaii | Hawaii Volcanoes | 1916 | 505 | 1,309 |
| Idaho | Yellowstone | 1872 | 3,470 | 8,980 |
| Kentucky | Mammoth Cave | 1941 | 83 | 214 |
| Maine | Acadia | 1919 | 47 | 123 |
| Michigan | Isle Royale | 1940 | 894 | 2,314 |
| Minnesota | Voyageurs | 1975 | 341 | 882 |
| Montana | Glacier | 1910 | 1,584 | 4,101 |
| Montana | Yellowstone | 1872 | 3,470 | 8,980 |
| Nevada | Death Valley | 1994 | 5,219 | 13,518 |
| Nevada | Great Basin | 1986 | 120 | 312 |
| New Mexico | Carlsbad Caverns | 1930 | 73.07 | 189 |
| North Carolina | Great Smoky Mountains | 1934 | 814 | 2,108 |
| North Dakota | Theodore Roosevelt | 1978 | 110 | 285 |
| Ohio | Cuyahoga Valley | 2000 | 51 | 134 |
| Oregon | Crater Lake | 1902 | 286 | 741 |
| South Carolina | Congaree | 2003 | 33 | 88 |
| South Dakota | Badlands | 1978 | 379 | 982 |
| South Dakota | Wind Cave | 1903 | 44 | 114 |
| Tennessee | Great Smoky Mountains | 1934 | 814 | 2,108 |
| Texas | Big Bend | 1944 | 1,252 | 3,242 |
| Texas | Guadalupe Mountains | 1966 | 135 | 350 |
| U.S. Virgin Islands | Virgin Islands | 1956 | 23 | 59 |
| Utah | Arches | 1971 | 119 | 309 |
| Utah | Bryce Canyon | 1928 | 56 | 145 |
| Utah | Capitol Reef | 1971 | 378 | 979 |
| Utah | Canyonlands | 1964 | 527 | 1,366 |
| Utah | Zion | 1919 | 229 | 593 |
| Virginia | Shenandoah | 1935 | 311 | 805 |
| Washington | Mount Rainier | 1899 | 368 | 954 |
| Washington | North Cascades | 1968 | 789 | 2045 |
| Washington | Olympic | 1938 | 1,442 | 3,734 |
| Wyoming | Grand Teton | 1929 | 484 | 1,255 |
| Wyoming | Yellowstone | 1872 | 3,470 | 8,980 |
PBS brings you a preview of the newest Ken Burns documentary series,
THE NATIONAL PARKS: AMERICAS BEST IDEA,.
The 12-hour, six-part documentary series, directed by Burns and co-produced with his longtime colleague, Dayton Duncan, who also wrote the script, is the story of an idea as uniquely American as the Declaration of Independence and just as radical: that the most special places in the nation should be preserved, not for royalty or the rich, but for everyone.
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